FORM 51-102F1
MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS FOR THE FISCAL QUARTER ENDED NOVEMBER 30, 2010
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A”), prepared as of January 11, 2011, should be read together with the unaudited consolidated financial statements (the “Financial Statements”) of Rio Alto Mining Limited (“Rio Alto” or the “Company”) for the fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2010 and related notes attached thereto, which are prepared in accordance with Canadian generally accepted accounting principles (“CGAAP”). Management is responsible for preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with CGAAP. All amounts are stated in Canadian dollars unless otherwise indicated.
Additional information about Rio Alto may be found at the Company’s website at www.rioaltomining.com or within the Company’s SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com. The Company’s common shares are listed on the TSX Venture Exchange (“TSX-V”) and the Bolsa de Valores de Lima under the symbol “RIO”, the OTC QX® under the symbol “RIOAF” and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the symbol “A0MSLE”.
Cautionary statement on Forward-Looking Information
Certain information in this MD&A, including information about the Company’s financial or operating performance and other statement’s expressing management’s expectation or estimates of future performance and exploration and development programs or plans constitute “forward-looking statements”. Words such as “expect”, “will”, “intend”, “estimate”, “anticipate”, “plan” and similar expressions of a conditional or future oriented nature identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are, necessarily, based upon a number of estimates and assumptions. While considered, by management, to be reasonable in the context in which they are made forward-looking statements are inherently subject to business risks and economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. The Company cautions readers that forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause Rio Alto’s actual financial results, future performance and results of exploration and development programs and plans to be materially different than those estimated future results, performance or achievements and that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, results or achievements.
Risks, uncertainties and contingencies and other factors that might cause actual performance to differ from forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, changes in the worldwide price of precious metals and commodities, changes in the relative exchange rates for the dollar, the US dollar, and the Peruvian neuvo sol, interest rates, legislative, political, social or economic developments both within the countries in which the Company operates and in general, contests over title to property, the speculative nature of mineral exploration and development, operating or technical difficulties in connection with the Company’s development or exploration programs, increasing costs as a result of inflation or scarcity of human resources and input materials or equipment. Known and unknown risks inherent in the mining business include potential uncertainties related to title to mineral claims, the accuracy of mineral reserve and resource estimates, metallurgical recoveries, capital and operating costs and the future demand for minerals. Please see Business Risk Factors, elsewhere herein.
Management continuously reviews its development plans and corporate business running costs and, if necessary, revises them as business risk factors, uncertainties, contingencies and other factors change.
Overview and Description of Business
The Company has two direct wholly-owned subsidiaries – Rio Alto S.A.C. incorporated under the laws of Peru and Mexican Silver Mines (Guernsey) Limited (“MSM”) incorporated under the laws of Guernsey.
Overview
Rio Alto Mining Limited, formerly Mexican Silver Mines Ltd., was engaged in the acquisition and exploration of mineral properties in Mexico. On June 25, 2009, Mexican Silver Mines Ltd. acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Rio Alto Mining Limited (“RAML”). RAML was a privately-owned mineral exploration and development company formed to earn into and eventually acquire the La Arena gold oxide/copper-gold sulphide project in Peru (“La Arena”) which is wholly-owned by La Arena S.A., a Peruvian company, and to further explore and develop this project. Subsequently, Mexican Silver Mines Ltd. and RAML amalgamated and the Company’s name was changed to Rio Alto Mining Limited.
Through MSM, Rio Alto has the right to purchase all of the shares of La Arena S.A. in consideration of cash payments of US$47.55 million (subject to adjustment) and the right to acquire up to 38.7% of the shares of La Arena S.A. by incurring expenditures of up to US$30 million on La Arena pursuant to a June 15, 2009 Option and Earn-in Right Purchase Agreement (the “La Arena Agreement”). La Arena S.A. holds a 100% interest in the La Arena Project (“La Arena”).
La Arena consists of 44 mining concessions totaling approximately 20,673 hectares containing a probable gold oxide reserves of 57.4 million tonnes grading 0.44 grams of gold per tonne containing approximately 821,000 troy ounces of gold and probable copper/gold sulphide reserves of 187.3 million tonnes grading 0.38% copper per tonne and 0.29 grams of gold per tonne containing approximately 1,748,000 ounces of gold and 1.574 billion lbs. of copper. La Arena is located about 480km north-northwest of Lima, Peru in the Huamachuco District at an average altitude of 3,400 metres above sea level.
Information about La Arena included herein is as of July 31, 2010 and has been reviewed and approved by Linton Kirk BE(Mining), FAusIMM of Coffey Mining Pty Ltd the qualified person, as such term is defined in NI 43-101, for ore reserve estimation.
Overall Performance
Highlights
During Q2 2011 and subsequently, the Company:
During the quarter expended $10,244,000 for development of the La Arena gold oxide mine
During the quarter issued under private placements 7,626,575 common shares for proceeds of $12,813,000, 4,677,558 common shares for proceeds of $3,468,000 upon the conversion of warrants and 1,315,000 common shares for proceeds of $384,000 upon the exercise of stock options;
On October 15, 2010 announced the drawdown of US$5 million under an up to US$25 million gold prepayment agreement;
On November 5, 2010 granted 500,000 options to purchase common shares of the Company at $1.90 per common share to new members of senior management;
In early December 2010, issued 4,439,682 common shares under a private placement for proceeds of $7,459,000;
Subsequent to the quarter end, issued 3,533,192 common shares upon the conversion of warrants for proceeds of $4,565,650•;
On December 7, 2010 granted 250,000 options to a new member of senior management; and
On December 23, 2010, entered into a private placement agreement with a syndicate of underwriters under which the underwriters agreed to purchase, subject to the right to arrange for substitute purchasers, up to 24,400,000 common shares at a price of $2.05 per common share;
Results of Operations
The Company had a net loss of $3,013,000 (Q2 2010 – $885,000) during the three-month period ended November 30, 2010. Some of the significant charges to operations are as follows:
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Arrangement and legal fees amounting to $1,016,000 related to the gold prepayment agreement were charged to operations. There was no such charge in the same quarter of 2010.
Management fees of $162,000 (Q2 2010 – $255,000) were lower because the costs associated with the Chief Operating Officer were charged to La Arena development costs in the current quarter. In the corresponding quarter of the previous year these costs were expensed as management fees.
Accounting and audit expense of $152,000 (Q2 2010 -- $59,000) increased due to costs related to work done in connection with the required conversion to International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and increased annual audit costs due to the higher level of investment expenditures.
Consulting expense of $62,000 (Q2 2010 -- $8,000) increased due to financial advisory services incurred in connection with the Company’s financing activities.
Office and miscellaneous expenses of $153,000 (Q2 2010 – $20,000) increased as a result of an increase in Lima office running costs required to manage the development of the La Arena project.
Stock-based compensation of $1,007,000 (Q2 2010 – $23,000) was increased due the the grant of 2.6 million stock options during the quarter.
Investor relations and promotion $111,000 (Q2 2010 – $228,000) decreased as investor relations activities decreased relative to the second quarter of last year.
Travel expense of $126,000 (Q2 2010 – $30,000) was due to increased travel to the La Arena Project relative to the second quarter of last year.
During the three-month period ended November 30, 2010 the Company continued with engineering, metallurgical and other studies at La Arena and construction activities at the site. Total expenditures deferred during the quarter in connection with La Arena amounted to $10.245 million and accumulated deferred expenditures, net of $9.542 million of acquisition costs, are $29.222 million. Significant expenditures during the quarter included approximately $0.499 million on engineering and design work, $10.141 million for development and construction activities primarily in civil works and establishing facilities, surface rights acquisition and concession payments of $0.070 million, payroll of $0.809 million, and value added tax of $0.139 million.
Summary of Quarterly Results
| November | August 31, | May 31, | February 28, | November | August 31, | May 31, | February 28, | |||||||||||||||||
| 30, 2010 | 2010 | 2010 | 2010 | 30, 2009 | 2009 | 2009 | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 55,291,000 | $ | 34,044,000 | $ | 27,751,000 | $ | 27,316,000 | $ | 28,379,000 | $ | 23,588,000 | $ | 15,051,000 | $ | 15,274,000 | ||||||||
| Working capital | 15,045,000 | 4,663,000 | 6,059,000 | 4,578,000 | 6,746,000 | 4,231,000 | 5,345,000 | 6,692,000 | ||||||||||||||||
| Shareholder’s equity | 46,824,000 | 30,892,000 | 24,509,000 | 25,239,000 | 26,402,000 | 21,587,000 | 14,523,000 | 14,953,000 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net Income (loss) | (3,013,000 | ) | (941,000 | ) | (10,499,000 | ) | (1,290,000 | ) | (885,000 | ) | (741,000 | ) | (447,000 | ) | (265,000 | ) | ||||||||
| Earnings (loss) per share | (0.03 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.13 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.01 | ) |
Generally, expenses increase or decrease as a result of stock-based compensation expense, investor relations, property investigations and exploration activities. During the second quarter of 2011 the Company incurred a $1,016,000 charge to operations related to the arrangement of the gold prepayment facility and a $1,007,000 charge in respect of stock-based compensation expense. Excluding these two items the quarterly loss would have been $991,000 which is in-line with the loss of $885,000 for the corresponding quarter of the prior year.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The continuing operations of the Company are dependent upon its ability to continue to raise adequate financing and to commence profitable operations in the future. The Company may revise exploration and development programs depending on its working capital position.
| November 30, | May 31, | ||||
| 2010 | 2010 | ||||
| Working capital | $ | 15,045,0000 | $ | 6,059,000 | |
| Shareholders’ Equity | 46,824,000 | 24,509,0000 |
At November 30, 2010, the Company had $15,621,000 (May 31, 2010 - $5,677,000) of cash in banks or invested in guaranteed investment certificates redeemable at any time. Additionally, the Company has the ability to draw up to US$20 million under the gold prepayment facility and anticipates that during January 2011 it will receive proceeds from an underwritten private placement in the order of $50 million. These funds will be sufficient to acquire a 100% interest in La Arena S.A., to fund further development of the La Arena gold oxide mine and to cover expected corporate overhead costs for fiscal 2011.
The Company’s spending commitments and current spending plans are set out in the following table:
| Payments Due or Expected by Period | |||||||||||
| Total | Less than 1 year | 1 to 3 years | 4 to 5 years | Later than 5 years | |||||||
| Operating lease obligation (Note 1) | $ | 138,000 | $ | 118,000 | $ | 80,000 | - | - | |||
| Investment in La Arena (Note 2) | 80,000,000 | 80,000,000 | - | - | |||||||
| Total | $ | 80,138,000 | $ | 80,118,000 | $ | 80,000 | $ | - | $ | - | |
Note 1 – the Company has a operating lease commitments for its Lima, Peru and Vancouver offices.
Note 2 – payments within fiscal 2011 will be to develop the La Arena gold oxide mine and to complete the acquisition of 100% of La Arena S.A.
Net cash used in operating activities during the three month ended November 30, 2010 was $932,000 compared to net cash of $1,157,000 used during the same period ended November 30, 2009. The cash used in operating activities consists primarily of operating costs, as described under Results of Operations, and changes in non-cash working capital items.
Net cash received from financing activities during the period was $21,976,000 compared to ($5,676,000) in 2009. Proceeds from financing activities during the three months ended November 30, 2010 resulted from the issue of 7,626,575 common shares under private placements, 4,677,558 common shares due to the conversion of common share purchase warrants and 1,315,000 common shares issued upon the exercise of stock options.
Cash used in investing activities during the period was $10,272,000 (Q2 2010 - $1,992,000). This is comprised, principally, of $10,244,000 for development activities related to the La Arena project and equipment purchases of $28,000.
The Company’s future plans and expectations are based on the assumption that the Company will realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business rather than through a process of forced liquidation. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain adequate financing in the future or if available that such financing will be on acceptable terms. If adequate financing is not available when required, the Company may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate various programs and may be unable to continue in operation. The Company may seek such additional financing through debt or equity offerings. Any equity offering will result in dilution to the ownership interests of the Company’s shareholders and may result in dilution to the value of such interests.
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The Company’s future revenues, if any, are expected to be from the mining and sale of mineral products or interests related thereto. The economics of developing and producing mineral products are affected by many factors including the cost of operations, variations in the grade of ore mined and the price of metals. Depending on the price of metals, the Company may determine that it is impractical to continue commercial production. Metals prices have fluctuated widely in recent years and are affected by many factors beyond the Company’s control including changes in international investment patterns and monetary systems, economic growth rates, political developments, the extent of sales or accumulation of reserves by governments, and shifts in private supplies of and demands for metals. The supply of metals consists of a combination of mine production, recycled material and existing stocks held by governments, producers, financial institutions and consumers. If the market price for metals falls below the Company’s full production costs and remains at such levels for any sustained period of time, the Company will experience losses and may decide to discontinue operations or development of other projects or mining at one or more of its properties.
Related Party Transactions
Transactions with related parties, for each of the six-months periods ended November 30, 2010 and 2009, are described in Note 10 to the Financial Statements and are summarized below:
| a) | Paid or accrued $130,000 (2009 - $121,000) in management fees, office rent and administrative services to a company controlled by a director of the Company. In addition the Company paid $105,000 in bonuses to the director. | |
| b) | Paid or accrued $16,000 (2009 - $39,000) in directors’ and management fees to a director of the Company. | |
| c) | Paid or accrued $99,000 (2009 - $103,000) in legal fees to a law firm in which the Company’s corporate secretary and director is a partner. | |
| d) | Paid or accrued $65,000 (2009 - $27,000) in directors’ fees and travel allowances to directors of the Company. | |
| e) | Charged rent of $15,000 (2009 - $11,000) to a public company and a private company with directors in common with the Company. The amounts receivable from these companies total $29,000 (2009 - $36,000) and are included in receivables. |
Transactions with related parties were conducted in the normal course of operations and were measured at the exchange value which represented the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the related parties.
Financial Instruments
Fair values
As at November 30, 2010, the carrying values of cash, receivables, promissory note, accounts payable and accrued liabilities and due to related parties approximate their fair values due to their short term to maturity. The derivative liability is carried at fair value and is estimated by an option pricing model that considers changes in the price of gold.
Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is managed by the Company by maintaining sufficient cash balances to meet current working capital requirements. The Company is in the development stage and is dependent on obtaining regular funding in order to continue its programs. Despite previous success in acquiring this funding, there is no guarantee that additional funding will be obtained. The Company’s cash is invested in business accounts or guaranteed investment certificates with quality financial institutions primarily in Canada and are available on demand.
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Credit risk
The Company’s credit risk is primarily attributable to its liquid financial assets and would arise from the non-performance by counterparties of contractual financial obligations. The Company limits its exposure to credit risk on liquid assets by maintaining its cash with high-credit quality financial institutions, for which management believes the risk of loss to be minimal. Management believes that the credit risk concentration with respect to receivables is minimal.
Currency risk
The Company operates in Canada, Guernsey and Peru and is therefore exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from transactions denominated in foreign currencies.
The operating results and the financial position of the Company are reported in Canadian dollars. The fluctuations of the operating currencies in relation to the Canadian dollar will, consequently, have an impact upon the reported results of the Company and may also affect the value of the Company’s assets and liabilities. The US$ 47.55 million (subject to adjustment) exercise price to acquire 100 per cent of La Arena SA would increase or decrease by approximately $4.755 million if the Canadian to United States dollar exchange rate was to change by 10 per cent.
The Company has not entered into any agreements or purchased any instruments to hedge possible currency risk.
Interest risk
The Company invests its cash in instruments that are redeemable at any time without penalty, thereby reducing its exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Other interest rate risks arising from the Company’s operations are not considered material.
Price risk
The Company is exposed to price risk with respect to commodity and equity prices. The ability of the Company to develop its mineral properties and future profitability of the Company are directly related to the market price of precious and base metals. The Company monitors commodity prices to determine appropriate actions to be undertaken.
Proposed Transactions
The Company has no foreseeable plans to acquire or dispose of any material assets other than the proposed acquisition of a 100 per cent interest in La Arena SA pursuant to the La Arena Agreement described herein under
Overview.
Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates
A description of the Company’s accounting policies may be found in Note 4 to the Financial Statements and in Note 3 to the Company’s May 31, 2010 audited consolidated financial statements. The Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with CGAAP and form the basis for the following discussion and analysis of critical accounting policies and estimates. The Company makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities during the course of preparing its financial statements. On a regular basis, the Company evaluates estimates and assumptions. Estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable. These estimates form the basis of judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.
Significant amounts reported in the financial statements that require estimates as the basis for determining the stated amounts include receivables, value added tax receivable, investment in La Arena S.A., stock-based compensation, derivative liability and future income taxes. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
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At November 30, 2010 the Company carried out a restatement of its consolidated balance sheet as at May 31, 2010 to reflect the equity method of accounting for its investment in La Arena S.A. (“La Arena”). It was determined that at May 31, 2010 the Company had the ability to significantly influence the strategic operating, financing and investing policies of La Arena and as such is accounting for the investment using the equity method. The May 31, 2010 consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of cash flows have been restated to report costs relating to La Arena as an increase in the Company’s investment account and not as capitalized mineral property and evaluation costs. The restatement did not result in any changes to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and deficit and the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for the year ended May 31, 2010.
The Company is or will be subject to the following accounting pronouncements:
| a) | Business combinations; Consolidated financial statements; and Non-controlling interests |
The CICA issued these accounting standards in January 2009 to be effective for fiscal years beginning after January 1, 2011 (the Company’s 2012 fiscal year). The Company is in the process of evaluating the potential effects of these new standards which essentially provide the Canadian equivalent of IFRS 3 – Business Combinations and IAS 27 – Consolidated and separate financial statements.
| b) | Financial Instruments – Recognition and Measurement |
In June 2009, the CICA amended Section 3855 – financial instruments – recognition and measurement to clarify the application of the effective interest method after a debt instrument has been impaired and when an embedded prepayment option is separated from its host debt instrument at initial recognition for accounting purposes. At November 30, 2010 the Company had no debt instruments for which these amendments would be applicable.
International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”)
Management is in the process of transitioning our basis of accounting from CGAAP to International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). The quarter ended August 31, 2011 will be the first period in which we report our financial results under IFRS. Accordingly, as our date of transition to IFRS from CGAAP will be June 1, 2010, we will need to restate our balance sheet at May 31, 2011 and our interim and annual consolidated statements of operations, deficit and comprehensive loss and cash flows for fiscal 2011 to an IFRS basis for presentation as comparatives in our fiscal 2012 consolidated financial statements.
Management’s plan for IFRS implementation is comprised of three phases:
| 1. | scoping and planning., | |
| 2. | solutions development, and | |
| 3. | implementation and review. |
Management is in the solutions development phase having completed our scoping and planning in June of 2010.
The following table summarizes the key elements of management’s IFRS transition plan:
| Project milestone | Timing | Current status | |
| Initial scoping – Accounting policies and procedures | |||
| |||
| |||
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| Project milestone | Timing | Current status | ||||
|
| exemptions. | and are in the process of recommending additional accounting policy decisions. | |||
| Analysis of current IFRS developments and the potential impact on IFRS accounting policy considerations. | |||||
| Selection of accounting policies and procedures | ||||||
| Determination of IFRS 1 exemptions and choices. | Quantify key differences on opening balance sheet by the end of Q4 | We have recently commenced the process of deciding on the IFRS 1 elections to be taken and selecting our IFRS accounting policies | |||
| Preparation of key IFRS accounting policy position papers. | |||||
| Selection of IFRS accounting policies | Management and audit committee to approve policy decisions by Q4 2011. | We have determined, but not quantified, that certain costs related to the La Arena Project will be expensed and that certain share-based compensation costs will be recognized sooner under IFRS. These adjustments are not likely to be significant. | |||
Review decisions and accounting policy choices with auditors by Q4, 2011. | ||||||
| Business activities | ||||||
| Identification of conversion impacts on financial reporting metrics | Budgeting and long range planning to be completed by Q4 2011. | High level analysis recently commenced. | |||
| Identification of impact on taxation | |||||
Scoping assessment of taxation impact to be completed by Q4 2011. | ||||||
| Financial information systems | ||||||
| Identification of required modifications to financial information systems. | Assess and develop solutions for capturing parallel information by Q4 2011. | In progress | |||
| Determination of solutions for running | Required modifications to financial information systems to be made by the transition date. | ||||
| Control environment | ||||||
| Identification and implementation of any modifications to Disclosure Controls and Procedures (DC&P) and Internal Controls over Financial Reporting (ICFR) required in response to the adoption of FRS. | Continuous assessment DC&P and ICFR. | In progress | |||
Internal controls over the IFRS transition process by Q4 2010 | ||||||
| Design and implementation of internal controls over the IFRS transition process. | |||||
Management has identified the relevant differences between IFRS and existing CGAAP and is in the process of quantifying those differences. Assessments to date suggest that the transition to IFRS will not have a significant impact on the Company’s reported cash flow and operating performance; however, management anticipates some adjustments will impact reported results. Where an IFRS exemption does not exist, IFRS is required to be applied retrospectively, with the net effect on preceding periods shown as an adjustment to opening retained earnings as of the Company’s transition date, June 1, 2010.
First-time Adoption Considerations
IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, is designed to assist first-time IFRS adopters with implementation of IFRS. In general, IFRS 1 requires retrospective application of the standards in force at May 31, 2012 as if IFRS had always been applied. However, IFRS 1 provides some mandatory exceptions to this principal, as well as a number of optional exemptions from retrospective application. Those exemptions deemed relevant to the Company are summarized below.
| Topic | Summary of exemptions available | |
| Business combinations | A company may elect not to apply IFRS 3 retrospectively to business combinations consumated prior to the June 1, 2010 transition date. Alternatively, a company may elect to apply IFRS 3 from an earlier date and restate all business combination after that date. |
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| The Company is likely to elect not to apply IFRS 3 retrospectively. | ||
Share based payment transactions | IFRS 1 provides two exemptions from retrospective application of IFRS 2 for equity settled transactions. Namely, the application of IFRS 2 to share-based payments granted before November 7, 2002 or share-based payments granted subsequent to November 7, 2002 that vested before the transition date. The Company intends to take the election exempting all options that have become fully vested as at the date of transition as it will simplify the conversion process. | |
| Equipment | On transition to IFRS, the Company will not elect to measure selected items of property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”). This election is sometimes used by companies with one or more material assets whose current fair value significantly exceeds the carrying value. | |
Significant Areas of Difference
The following table summarizes certain key areas where we expect accounting policies to differ significantly between IFRS and CGAAP and which, according to our assessments to date, are expected to have at least a nominal impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
| Accounting Policy Area | Selected Policy Differences and Potential Impact | ||
| Mineral Properties | Overview: Under IFRS it is important to clearly identify the stages in which acquisition and exploration costs of interests in mineral properties are incurred because the recognition and measurement requirements at each stage are different: The Company’s La Arena Project is in the development stage. Accordingly, the Company accounts for mineral property expenditures within the context of IFRS 6 – Exploration and Evaluation of Mineral Resources or IAS 38 – Intangible Assets and IAS 16 – Property, Plant and Equipment respectively | ||
Key differences from existing CGAAP: The IFRS framework provides specific extractive guidance, IFRS 6, only for the recognition, measurement and disclosure of expenditures incurred related to the exploration and evaluation (E&E) phase. IFRS 6 was developed with the intention of | |||
Expected impact: Management will need to assess costs that may have been capitalized prior to the commencement of the E&E phase, with respect to any mineral property interests and expense these costs. The impact is not expected to be material. | |||
| Share-Based Payments | Key differences from existing CGAAP: Fundamental differences exist in the accounting for transactions involving share based payments. Those that are expected to have more than a nominal impact are summarized below: | ||
IFRS is more prescriptive than is CGAAP in regard to the measurement of awards granted to non-employees by reference to the fair value of the good or services received. | |||
Forfeitures must be estimated under IFRS while under CGAAP this is optional. | |||
IFRS provides more prescriptive guidance on the accounting treatment for the modification of an equity-settled share-based award when the vesting conditions are modified. | |||
For awards that vest according to a graded vesting schedule, IFRS requires that each installment be accounted for as a separate arrangement whereas CGAAP allows for treatment as a single pool | |||
Expected impact: As the IFRS 1 exemption for share based payments is only applicable to vested options as at the date of transition, the aforementioned differences will need to be applied to any options outstanding that have not vested. The expense associated with awards that vest according to a graded vesting schedule is likely to be recognized earlier than would have otherwise been the case under CGAAP. The Company has issued share based compensation to non-employees and is in the process of determining whether an alternative valuation methodology need be applied to these awards. The full impact of the difference has not yet been quantified. | |||
| Equipment | Key differences from existing CGAAP: IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (PP&E) allows for the application of an historical cost model or a revaluation model to value PP&E. Also, under IFRS where a component of PP&E has a cost that is significant relative to the cost of the item as a whole, it must be depreciated separately from the remainder of the item (“componentization”). While the guidance under CGAAP is similar in this respect, application has not been to the same extent as is expected within the IFRS framework. | ||
Expected impact: The Company will value PP&E using the historical cost model and as such the treatment under CGAAP and IFRS in this regard will be substantially similar. Based on a review of the Company’s items of PP&E, it is expected that the more stringent requirements around the application of componentization will have only a nominal impact, if any, on the Company’s financial | |||
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| Accounting Policy Area | Selected Policy Differences and Potential Impact | |
| reporting results. | ||
| Impairment of Assets | Key differences from existing CGAAP: IFRS does not employ a two step approach to the assessment of impairment as does CGAAP. Rather IAS 36 requires that impairment be assessed immediately by way of discounted cash flow calculation. The consensus is that this is likely to result in more frequent recognition of impairments than would otherwise have been the case under CGAAP. | |
Expected impact: Given the Company’s stage of development IAS 36 is expected to have no impact on the Company in the foreseeable future. | ||
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Contingent Assets | Key differences from existing CGAAP: IFRS requires that a provision be recognized when it is “probable” that a future event will confirm that an asset has been impaired or that a liability has been incurred. In this context “probable” is interpreted as meaning “more likely than not”. Under CGAAP a loss provision would be recognized when it is “likely” that future events will confirm an asset has been impaired or liability incurred, where “likely” is defined as having a high chance of occurrence. It can be reasonably inferred that the threshold for the recognition of a provision under IFRS is lower than under CGAAP. Also, IAS 37 has a general requirement that provisions be discounted where the time value of money is a material consideration whereas CGAAP prescribes this treatment only in specific circumstances. | |
Expected impact: This is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s reported results. |
The foregoing is not an exhaustive list of changes that will arise as a result of transition to IFRS. Rather it is intended to highlight those areas where we expect the impact of transition will be greatest based on the IFRSs that are currently in place. Management will not fully understand the magnitude of the transition impacts until a complete set of IFRS compliant financial statements have been prepared. The future impacts of transition will also depend on the outcome of a number of IFRS-related projects that are currently being undertaken by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Additional Disclosure for Issuers without Significant Revenue
Please refer to Notes 6 and 7 in the financial statements for the year ended May 31, 2010 and to Note 8 in the Financial Statements for the November 30, 2010 interim period for a description of the capitalized exploration and development costs and investment in La Arena S.A. of the Company presented on a property-by-property basis.
Off Balance Sheet Items
The Company has entered into a gold prepayment agreement and a gold sales agreement that provides the other party with certain rights to sell a portion of the gold production from the La Arena gold oxide mine. The rights associated with the gold sales agreement are being accounted for as a written option that constitutes an embedded derivative liability carried fair value.
Outstanding Shares, Warrants and Options
As at the date of this Management Discussion and Analysis the Company has common shares, warrants convertible into common shares and options exercisable into common shares outstanding as follows:
| Number of Common Shares | |||
| May 31, 2010 | 108,035,575 | ||
| Issued for: | |||
| Private placements | 22,266,257 | ||
| Exercise of stock options | 1,465,000 | ||
| Conversion of warrants | 8,443,250 | ||
| Total | 140,210,082 |
| Number | Conversion | ||
| of Warrants | Price | Expiry Date | |
| 1,500,000 | $0.30 | June 25, 2012 |
| Number of | Number of | Weighted | Date of Expiry |
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| Options | Underlying | Average | |||
| Shares | Exercise | ||||
| Price | |||||
| 300,000 | 300,000 | $ | 0.30 | May 7, 2012 | |
| 795,000 | 795,000 | $ | 0.25 | May 7, 2012 | |
| 100,000 | 100,000 | $ | 0.25 | May 11, 2012 | |
| 50,000 | 50,000 | $ | 1.25 | July 4, 2012 | |
| 200,000 | 200,000 | $ | 0.45 | August 2, 2012 | |
| 2,255,000 | 2,255,000 | $ | 0.30 | July 16, 2014 | |
| 100,000 | 100,000 | $ | 0.35 | September 18, 2014 | |
| 180,000 | 180,000 | $ | 0.70 | March 15, 2015 | |
| 150,000 | 150,000 | $ | 0.75 | June 30, 2011 | |
| 100,000 | 100,000 | $ | 0.80 | August 1, 2010 | |
| 1,050,000 | 1,050,000 | $ | 1.50 | September 21, 2015 | |
| 1,050,000 | 1,050,000 | $ | 1.80 | September 21, 2015 | |
| 500,000 | 500,000 | $ | 1.90 | November 5, 2015 | |
| 250,000 | 250,000 | $ | 2.00 | December 7, 2015 | |
| 7,080,000 | 7,080,000 | $ | 0.78 |
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management is responsible for the design, implementation and monitoring of effective internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in National Instrument 52-109 – Certification of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with CGAAP. The Company has followed the guidelines set out by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission’s Internal Control – Integrated Framework in the design of the Company’s controls over financial reporting. The President and Chief Financial Officer are the Company’s certifying officers and they believe, based on an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal controls as of November 30, 2010, that Rio Alto’s internal controls and procedures, as described below, were not completely effective in providing reasonable assurance that financial information, including financial information of its subsidiaries, is recorded, processed and summarized and that information required to be disclosed under securities legislation is reported in a timely manner.
During the quarter ended November 30, 2010, management determined that the investment in La Arena S.A. should have been accounted for under the equity method of accounting and not as an investment in mineral property costs. As a consequence, and as described above under Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates, the May 31, 2010 consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of cash flows were restated. This restatement, by definition, implies that there was a weakness in the internal controls over financial reporting. In order to strengthen the control system during the most recent quarter the Company hired an additional financial accountant and a financial analyst. In addition, management intends to engage the assistance of a financial reporting consultant to assist in the determination of the possible impacts of emerging accounting issues and IFRS matters on the Company’s financial reporting processes.
Use of Proceeds of Financings
During the six months ended November 30, 2010 and subsequently the Company received proceeds from financing activities amounting to $29,435,000.
These funds and existing working capital were to be used to satisfy costs associated with the development of the La Arena project and for general corporate purposes. The proceeds have been used by the Company as set out within the following table:
| Activity | Six months ended | ||
| November 30, 2010 | |||
| La Arena development | $ | 17,968,000 | |
| Operating activities | 1,282,000 | ||
| Total | $ | 19,250,000 |
Business Risk Factors
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Natural resources exploration, development, production and processing involve a number of risks, many of which are beyond the Company's control. Without limiting the foregoing, such risks include:
Changes in the market price for mineral production, which have fluctuated widely in the past, will affect the future profitability of the Company’s operations and financial condition.
The Company will require external financing or may need to enter into a strategic alliance or joint venture to develop its mineral properties.
The Company has limited operating history and there can be no assurance of its ability to operate its projects profitably.
Mining is inherently dangerous and subject to conditions or elements beyond the Company’s control, which could have a material adverse affect on the Company’s business.
Actual exploration, development or other costs and economic returns may differ significantly from those the Company has anticipated and there are no assurances that any future development activities will result in profitable mining operations.
Increased competition could adversely affect the Company’s ability to attract necessary capital funding or acquire suitable producing properties or prospects for mineral exploration in the future.
The Company’s insurance coverage does not cover all of its potential losses, liabilities and damage related to its business and certain risks are uninsured or uninsurable.
The Company depends heavily on limited mineral properties, and there can be no guarantee that the Company will successfully acquire commercially mineable properties.
The Company’s activities are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may increase the cost of doing business or restrict operations.
The Company will require numerous permits in order to conduct exploration, development or mining activities and delays or a failure to obtain such permits or failure to comply with the terms of any such permits that have been obtained could have a material adverse impact on the Company.
The Company may experience difficulty in attracting and retaining qualified management to meet the needs of its anticipated growth, and the failure to manage the Company’s growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on its business and financial condition.
Insofar as certain directors and officers of the Company hold similar positions with other mineral resource companies, conflicts may arise between the obligations of these directors and officers to the Company and to such other mineral resource companies.
Title to the Company’s mineral properties cannot be guaranteed and may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, transfers or claims or defects.
The Company’s business is subject to potential political, social and economic instability in the countries in which it operates.
Changes in taxation legislation or regulations in the countries in which the Company operates could have a material adverse affect on the Company’s business and financial condition.
Currency exchange rate fluctuations may affect the cost of the Company’s operations and exploration and development activities.
The Company has no dividend payment policy and does not intend to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
Readers should also refer to other risk factors outlined in the Company’s Annual Information Form dated August 25, 2010 as filed on SEDAR.
Outlook
The Company's primary focus for the foreseeable future will be on development of La Arena and on evaluating potential acquisitions.
Rio Alto´s objectives for the next 12 months include, but are not limited to, the following:
completion of a reverse circulation (RC) drilling grade control program to cover the gold oxide deposit´s first year of production.
final negotiation and documentation of a mining contract for the La Arena gold oxide project with an experienced Peruvian mining contractor.
complete the acquisition of 100% of La Arena S.A.
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complete construction activities in preparation for gold production from the gold oxide deposit at La Arena.
commission gold production facilities at the La Arena gold oxide project and prepare the project for expansion of mineral throughput.
formulate a prioritized staged strategy of exploration at La Arena focused on increasing oxide and sulphide mineral resources of the project.
formulate a strategy of oxide gold reserve replacement as current oxide gold reserves are depleted.
commence a definitive feasibility study on the gold/copper/molybdenum sulphide deposit at La Arena.
actively review project acquisition opportunities in Peru and Latin America.
actively review merger and acquisition opportunities in Peru and Latin America
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